Monadic Expressions and Their Derivatives

¹ LIGM, Université Gustave Eiffel, 5 Boulevard Descartes — Champs s/ Marne 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
² GR2 IF, Université de Rouen Normandie, Avenue de l’Université, 76801 Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, France

^* Corresponding author: ludovic.mignot@univ-rouen.fr

Received: 27 January 2023
Accepted: 23 November 2023

Abstract

There are several well-known ways to compute derivatives of regular expressions due to Brzozowski, Antimirov or Lombardy and Sakarovitch. We propose another one which abstracts the underlying data structures (e.g. sets or linear combinations) using the notion of monad. As an example of this generalization advantage, we first introduce a new derivation technique based on the graded module monad and then show an application of this technique to generalize the parsing of expressions with capture groups and back references. We also extend operators defining expressions to any n-ary functions over value sets, such as classical operations (like negation or intersection for Boolean weights) or more exotic ones (like algebraic mean for rational weights). Moreover, we present how to compute a (non-necessarily finite) automaton from such an extended expression, using the Colcombet and Petrisan categorical definition of automata. These category theory concepts allow us to perform this construction in a unified way, whatever the underlying monad. Finally, to illustrate our work, we present a Haskell implementation of these notions using advanced techniques of functional programming, and we provide a web interface to manipulate concrete examples.